2025 Winning Essays

2025 Student winners 

CANADA WINNERS

 
UNITED STATES WINNERS
 

Scroll down to read or listen to the winning essays (posted in alphabetical order by winner's last name). 

2025 Teacher winners 

• Derek Alli, Tribune Drive Public School, Brampton, ON
• Suse Ferreira, Milton District High School, Milton, ON
• Timothy MacEachern, Fairview Junior High School, Halifax, NS
• Brian Marrero-Sánchez, Escuela SU Eugenio María de Hostos, Cayey, PR
• Sara Nawim, Thomas Hart Middle School, Pleasanton, CA
• Bharpur Sandhu, Cardinal Ambrozic Catholic Secondary School, Brampton, ON
• Jeff Zhu, Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, NY
   

Teachers listed on winning entries each received a signed book written by Paul A. Offit, MD; and a 1-year membership to the National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT), compliments of NABT.

The Vaccine Education Center would like to thank our 2025 contest co-sponsors:

We would also like to thank Mrs. Lorraine Hilleman for her ongoing support and participation in the contest. 

 

Not Everyone Will Be a Prolific Scientist Like Dr. Hilleman
Winner: Nicolas Concepción, 1st Place, Middle School, United States 

 Hear a recording of Nicolas' essay read in his primary language of Spanish.
 

Science is an important part of our lives. It affects everything from the air we breathe to the food we eat. While not everyone can be a famous scientist like Dr. Hilleman, who created many vaccines to help keep people healthy, all of us need to understand how science works. This understanding allows us to make better decisions and improves our lives.

Our health is impacted by science, which is one reason why understanding it is crucial. Let's consider vaccinations. Among the most important scientific discoveries are vaccines. They guard against illnesses like the flu, mumps, and measles. Millions of lives were saved by the vaccines that Dr. Hilleman created. People are less likely to be fearful about vaccines when they understand science, particularly how they operate. They discovered that vaccinations keep our communities safe by assisting our bodies in developing defenses against harmful illnesses. More people are likely to get vaccinated if they are aware of this. Herd immunity is produced as a result. Herd immunity occurs when enough people receive vaccinations, protecting those who cannot, such as infants or those with specific diseases.

We can address other significant concerns, such as climate change, by having a better understanding of how science operates. Fossil fuel combustion and pollution are two of the many causes of climate change. People can make wiser decisions if they are aware of the science underlying climate change. For instance, individuals may choose to promote green energy sources like solar or wind power, recycle more, or use less plastic. By making these decisions, individuals contribute to lowering their carbon footprints and safeguarding the environment for coming generations. Everyone can collaborate to solve major issues and create a healthier environment if they all understand science.

Furthermore, understanding science can aid us in making daily judgments. Being science-literate informs our decisions about everything from reading food nutrition labels to knowing which medications to take. For instance, knowing that some foods include artificial additives or extra sugars can help us choose healthier options when we go grocery shopping. A citizen with a basic understanding of nutritional science is better able to make informed decisions about which foods to avoid and which to purchase.

Technology is also very important in today's environment. A basic understanding of science and technology is required for many vocations. For example, in order to perform their jobs well, engineers and doctors need to be able to understand scientific ideas. But in today's digital world, even those without scientific training must be able to use technology. People who have a scientific background are more equipped to handle the various ways that technology affects our daily lives.

Finally, critical thinking is fostered by knowledge of science. Having a scientific mindset enables people to assess the information they encounter, particularly when it comes to the internet, in an era where false information may spread quickly. When someone learns a new scientific finding or health claim, they might critically consider where the information came from. They can inquire as to whether it is supported by actual science or if it is merely a rumor. Instead of blindly accepting everything they read, this capacity to challenge what they hear enables individuals to make well-informed decisions. All citizens must grasp how science operates, even though not everyone can be as prolific a scientist as Dr. Hilleman. A fundamental understanding of science may significantly enhance our lives, whether it be in the areas of health decision-making, environmental protection, technology use, or crucial information analysis. Every person should make an effort to comprehend the fundamentals of science, both for their own benefit and the benefit of the community at large. A cleaner environment, a healthier future, and a better-informed society can all result from this knowledge. There is science everywhere, and understanding how it works can empower everyone.
 

The Role of Scientific Literacy During COVID-19
Winner: Alishba Faisal, 2nd Place, High School, Canada 

 Hear a recording of Alishba's essay.
 

Dr. Maurice Hilleman was responsible for saving nearly eight million lives with his development of more than forty vaccines, with breakthroughs in immunology and vaccinology. His role was a significant contributor to scientific research and the curation of various vaccines that have since cured many common diseases, including measles, meningitis, and pneumonia. While not everyone has the privilege and opportunity to advance the fields of medical research and science, it is essential for all citizens to understand the basics of the underlying scientific theory behind common household illnesses. For example, coronary heart disease, which is responsible for about nine million deaths yearly, is preventable for most patients with public health interventions, such as physical activity, a healthy diet, and improved stress management. Simple fixes to life-threatening diseases highlight the importance of science literacy, not only for individuals, but for society as a whole. Increased understanding of basic medicinal science provides a better understanding of how to live a healthier lifestyle. Scientific literacy was found to be more prevalent than usual upon the creation of the COVID-19 vaccination. At a time where misinformation about the vaccine was spread worldwide, made most prevalent with the use of social media, scientific literacy became more important than usual.

Vaccines play a crucial role in public health by preventing the spread of infectious diseases. They work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens, reducing the risk of severe illness and death. Dr. Maurice Hilleman’s contributions to vaccine development have had a lasting impact, with his work on vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and hepatitis B significantly reducing the presence of these diseases. Without widespread vaccination, preventable diseases would continue to claim millions of lives each year. Understanding the science behind vaccines allows individuals to make informed decisions about their health and appreciate the role of immunization in global disease control.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of scientific research and innovation. Within months of the virus’s appearance, scientists worldwide collaborated to develop vaccines using modern technology, including mRNA-based platforms. Rigorous clinical trials ensured these vaccines were both safe and effective. The rapid response to COVID-19 was possible due to decades of prior research in virology and immunology, emphasizing the value of ongoing scientific advancements. Without a strong foundation in scientific knowledge, such swift innovation would not have been possible, demonstrating the necessity of investing in science education and research.

Despite their success, misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines spread rapidly, leading to public distrust. Myths such as claims that vaccines alter DNA or cause infertility were widely circulated, particularly through social media. Misinformation destroyed public confidence, leading to hesitancy in taking vaccine shots, and, in turn, preventable hospitalizations and deaths. Understanding the basics of virology and immunology helps individuals discern credible sources from misinformation, making scientific literacy essential for combatting false narratives and ensuring public health measures are effective.

Scientific literacy empowers people to evaluate information critically and make informed choices. By understanding fundamental scientific concepts, individuals can distinguish between credible research and misleading claims. Science education also fosters trust in the medical community, as seen with the successful polio vaccination campaigns of the mid-20th century. When the public is well-informed, they are more likely to support health initiatives, participate in preventive care, and contribute to overall societal well-being. Strengthening science literacy at all levels of education can create a more informed and healthier society.

While not everyone will become a scientist like Dr. Hilleman, understanding science is crucial for personal and public health. Science literacy enables individuals to recognize the importance of vaccines, evaluate medical information, and trust scientific advancements that improve quality of life. In an era where misinformation can spread rapidly, promoting critical thinking and education in science is more important than ever. By fostering a society that values and understands science, we can ensure a healthier future for all.
 

Misinformation’s Debunker: Science
Winner: Alexander Hsu, 2nd Place, Middle School, United States

 Hear a recording of Alexander's essay.
 

Science permeates every aspect of our lives, from the mundane choices we make daily to the most significant political decisions that shape our society. Our understanding of scientific principles profoundly shapes our worldview and actions, even if we are not always consciously aware of it. Our ability to critically assess information and distinguish scientific fact from misinformation is essential for informed decision-making and ensuring the welfare of our today and tomorrow's society.

Consider our daily food choices for instance. While taste often dictates what we put into our bodies, there is the consideration of nutritional value of what we eat as well. Understanding basic nutrition science guides our decisions about what to eat and why we eat certain foods, thereby directly impacting our physical well-being. Furthermore, scientific knowledge plays a crucial role in shaping our political landscape. Politicians frequently make claims about scientific issues, and our understanding of these issues can significantly influence our voting decisions and our support for various state and federal laws. 

While our understanding of science influences our personal choices, the constant flow of information in the digital age presents new challenges. Social media significantly impacts our daily lives. The average person spends roughly two hours per day on social media platforms, exposing them to a constant influx of information. This deluge of data makes it challenging to discern fact from fiction. Without an understanding of scientific principles, much of this “information” can appear credible.

For example, the development and deployment of COVID vaccinations during the pandemic coincided with a surge in public debate and controversy. Public misinformation regarding COVID vaccines significantly impacted vaccination rates. False claims, such as vaccines causing autism in children, instilled fear in parents, leading some to rather risk their children catching the deadly virus than to get the vaccine.
Another concerning example involved the promotion of ivermectin, an anti-parasitic drug for livestock, as an alternative treatment for COVID. Some individuals were led to believe this drug could prevent or even “cure” humans from COVID. This led to instances of people self-administering a medication intended for animals, rather than seeking safe and effective treatments approved for human use.

Just because information is released online does not make everything one reads true. While sources may include citations, these citations can originate from unreliable or biased sources. Determining the reliability of information is crucial. What is deemed a reliable source, then? This is where understanding science comes into play. A basic understanding and appreciation of scientific principles can empower individuals to critically evaluate information. Those with scientific literacy are likely to believe in scientists who have performed experiments and have conclusions or results based on unbiased viewpoints from the transparency of data.
It's important to note that science does not dictate morality or determine what is "good" or "bad." The core function of science is to objectively investigate and present findings based on empirical evidence. The dangers of not “understanding” science can result in negative consequences such as the unnecessary further spread of illnesses that could result in preventable deaths.

Scientific literacy is not merely an academic pursuit; it is a crucial skill for navigating the complexities of modern life. When individuals possess a basic understanding of scientific principles, they are better equipped to participate in informed public discourse, make sound decisions about their health and the environment, and support policies that promote evidence-based solutions to societal challenges. Investing in scientific education and promoting critical thinking are essential for ensuring a prosperous and sustainable future for generations to come.
 

The Onus Is on Both Health and Non-health Professionals
Winner: Saara Karim, 1st Place, Middle School, Canada 

 Hear a recording of Saara’s essay.
 

You turn left or right, you see blue, black & flashy masks, with confused eyes. When you look down, you see stickers warning you of a 6 feet distance, and supermarket shelves emptied and toilet rolls rolled out quickly, and so much more in the end of 2019. Although it started at the end of 2019, the real fear began in 2020, and it is known as Covid-19, which will remain as a living nightmare for many! Covid-19 was the era when coronavirus spread via respiratory droplets, and touching surfaces that had remnants of it- it was known as a fatal airborne disease. It is essential that even the general public had ideas about health terminologies and impacts of diseases/illness. In this essay, I will share my experience and understanding of what happened in 2020, what mixed information people started circulating, why the public were more confused and scared, and why they didn't know where to seek information from.

I just moved to Canada in December 2019, very excited to start a new life in snow at the age of 8 away from grandparents and aunts and uncles. Little did I know of the disastrous events that were to come. My parents started hearing the sad news of family and friends death across the globe, and by February 2020 it was all over the news. I started listening to people's stories such as borders closed, flights shut down, and funerals could not be done properly. I used to see my worried parents in a new foreign land, flipping channels after channels to accept the new reality. Covid-19 was the term used to describe that a new disease was in the air and people were dying of all ages. Coronavirus did not see borders or race, it happened to spread fast and kill the vulnerable people. Eventually a day came when my school suddenly closed, and my dad couldn't go to college because the world was shutting down slowly. The other thing that panicked our family and friends was how supermarkets ran out of essentials such as toilet paper and bread. People started stocking their pantries, caring least about anyone else. Some places imposed curfews, mandatory masks, and distances to make sure that the virus isn't spreading. It took a while for the government to come up with a plan to save people’s jobs and education. They started proposing ONLINE education and work from home. However, many lost their jobs that require physical presence, and many more lost their businesses. This was chaos, and imagine if an 8-year-old girl can feel a shudder down her spine, what could a working single parent going through? Not only would their sources of income be impacted. hospitals ended up mass cancelling appointments, surgeries and cancer patients lost touch with their therapy and treatments. My mom was a victim as she did not get the date for her surgery until 2022 December, and the worst approached when I lost my maternal grandfather because he could not receive his cancer treatments appropriately.

People were left in the dark by government officials and health departments, because not a single country was prepared with a backup plan or had solid answers to console the anxious public. From China to Canada, everyone did the same by shutting down businesses, schools, hospitals, and locking them down. It wasn’t the first time any country was facing such a crisis. Health care workers and scientists knew about black plague, and SARS that occurred not too long ago from 2019. We expected government and health care workers to have backup plans when such an event could occur, instead of just large-scale lock downs. The other thing that confused people more was the introduction of new vaccines for new diseases in such a short span of time. Some thought it was to make money through shares and stock market by introducing a lab-created disease, some didn't want to become the “lab’s guinea pig” and some thought it was just to calm the public for a while. People didn’t know the genuine source of this virus- people started blaming countries for creating in the lab which failed and leaked to the common public, and some said it was because they had an unusual diet, and few believed it was a mutant of something ignored. All these could be conspiracies, or maybe they had some truth in it, but it scared people more because no one gave uniform and consistent answers. Public lacked knowledge in health terminologies, and depended on social influencers, their favourite political parties and celebrities to give them comfort. Worse, when people made up data, circulating different event photos and videos relating it to covid-19, and how people still died after maintaining lockdowns and vaccinating. Things got out of hand when different strains of coronavirus started popping up.

I strongly believe that all these were because people didn’t have consistent answers from politicians, influencers, celebrities, and news channels. Their information did not comply with the information coming from different health sources either. I feel the public should be more exposed to health knowledge as early as their primary education. Although in most places kindergarteners practice hand wash[ing] protocols, however, they are not being taught why it is important to wash your hands. Education on pandemic, vaccines, differences between virus and bacteria start as early as elementary. Public should be engaged in health updates, and modern technologies for their own awareness. Public should also have access to clear and easy to understand data using daily used language instead of health terms/vocabulary. They need to view reliable sources of information coming from one place, and it should be uniform and easy to obtain, furthermore, it should be consistent no matter from where it is coming. We non-medical professionals seek preparedness, confidence, and backup plans for such a crisis from medical professionals, and not politicians or businessmen.
 

Can You Trust a Surgeon That's Not Human?
Winner: Erica Liu, 1st Place, High School, United States

 Hear a recording of Erica's essay.
 

Imagine you’re lying on the operating table, the anesthesia beginning to take effect, but you’re still conscious enough to make out the blur in front of you. Through the haze, you catch sight of something long, smooth, and cylindrical, hanging above you—AI powered robots. Was this the right choice?

Artificial intelligence, founded as an academic discipline in the 1950s, is now an integral part of our society. Beginning to really take off in the early 2010s, AI now steadily weaves its way into our everyday lives. When you contact customer support for a return on, say, a clothing website, it’s often no longer a human agent; instead, it's a simple, emotionless AI chatbot named something like “Virtual Stylist,” who addresses your request as quickly as possible. When you go to the pharmacy to pick up your new medications, AI checks your prescriptions behind the scenes, alerting doctors of hazardous drug interactions before they reach your body. Encompassing basically every aspect of our lives–communication, transportation, education, entertainment, and now, healthcare–it’s hard to imagine a world without it. Everyone talks about how AI will take over jobs, completely replacing customer service reps, paralegals, financial analysts, the list goes on. But to what extent will it really, and when, if ever, will it be that competent?

In our modern era of reliance on technology, AI has been significantly integrated into medicine, with doctors already using it for image analysis in medical diagnosis, to assist with drug discovery, or simply to provide clinical decision support. However, in regards to surgery, there are still areas where AI lacks capability, particularly in the operating room. Precision and control, real-time adaptation, and autonomy versus human oversight, are amongst the many issues that require constant refinement in AI-powered devices and models. Though AI-enabled technology has yet to replace the surgeon, it holds the potential to become an immensely valuable tool in surgery. It already enhances surgical decisions by analyzing real-time data during procedures, predicting potential complications, and overlaying important information such as vitals and hemodynamic state to the doctor. The day when AI plays a significant operative role seems not far off, though this full integration remains stalled by various safety, ethical, and legal concerns …

Now, the procedure begins. You’re fully under, unaware of what’s happening—but the AI isn’t. The same AI that has analyzed countless scans, predicted outcomes, and optimized treatment plans is finally about to perform precise, calculated movements using the robot above you. But as remarkable as it sounds, your mind goes into turmoil. My insurance pre-approved this procedure, but there was nothing in there about a robot surgeon. Will they still pay the claim if a robot does the procedure instead of a real surgeon? What will they do if something goes wrong?

Risks like these in the ethical and legal realm of AI integration into medicine are large barriers when it comes to widespread adoption. One of the key concerns is accountability—if something goes wrong during an AI-assisted procedure, who is responsible? Is it the developer of the AI system, the surgeon who relied on the technology, or the hospital that implemented it? This uncertainty could complicate malpractice claims and patient rights. Additionally, patient consent becomes more complex when AI is involved. While patients are accustomed to giving consent for human doctors, the use of AI introduces ambiguity. Do the patients fully understand the AI’s role in their care? And are they truly consenting to a procedure where AI plays a significant part? Moreover, there are concerns regarding data privacy and security. AI systems rely heavily on vast patient data, and breaches or misuse of this information could have serious consequences. The legal and policy landscape must evolve to address these issues, ensuring that AI’s integration into medicine is both ethically sound and legally protected for every party involved.

This isn’t just a hypothetical issue. The tech industry is known for breaking things and asking for forgiveness afterwards, and it’s entirely possible that you could be offered an AI surgeon before the legal and ethical issues are resolved by society; this is already the case with AI cars.

So, while not everyone will develop over 40 vaccines and save millions of lives like Dr. Maurice Hilleman, and while not everyone can be a computer scientist who codes algorithms, develops neural networks, or creates complex machine learning models, everyone can and should have a basic understanding of science.

If you were on that operating table, knowing that these legal and ethical issues remain unresolved, would you feel comfortable knowing a robot was assisting—or even performing—your surgery? The difference between fear and confidence in that moment simply comes down to knowledge. You’d want to know that you did everything in your power to understand what you were getting yourself into—that you researched how AI functions in surgery, the issues, the risks, the potential benefits, and the safeguards in place. While you don’t need to be an expert in AI or biomedical engineering, having a general understanding of how these technologies work helps you make informed, confident decisions about your own healthcare. You should know what data the AI operating on you relies on, what its limitations are, and how much human oversight is involved. Without this knowledge, you’re placing blind faith in a system you don’t fully grasp. And this goes beyond medicine–consider self-driving Teslas, AI-generated art and music, and automated hiring decisions. They all come with risks that are easier to assess when you understand the science behind them.

As AI and technology advances faster than we can adapt, it’s inevitable that they become more intertwined with life-or-death decisions. What more, if AI surgery is demonstrably safer than human surgeons, would there not be a moral imperative by society to have all surgeries be conducted by the safer AI? It’s a profound change that we may be on the cusp of, and if we lack basic scientific understanding, we lose out on the chance to make informed decisions about our very lives.
 

The Layman’s Nuclear Science
Winner: Aneet Sandhu, 1st Place, High School, Canada

 Hear a recording of Aneet's essay.
 

When Oppenheimer graced the screens for the first time in August 2023, it quickly became one of the top movies of the year. Everyone from cinephiles to "Barbenheimer" enthusiasts flocked to theaters to see both films, myself included. However, once in the theater, excitement dissipated as audiences woke from their pop culture induced stupor to a 3-hour movie detailing the nitty gritty of physics. The film, despite its exaggerations, provides the layperson with insight into the power struggle between bureaucracies—more concerned with their next political move than with the well-researched advice of scientists. This same pattern of scientific neglect persists today, particularly in the Western world’s rejection of vaccines, where biological facts are overshadowed by political rhetoric and misinformation. The less-than-rave reviews from my peers exposed a stark reality: recognition of humanity’s dependence on science remains scarce. Examining the trajectories of nuclear proliferation and vaccine rollouts reveals why basic scientific literacy is crucial in preventing the misuse of such advancements. 

Even an approximate number is difficult to obtain regarding the number of casualties caused shortly after the atomic bombings and, even more unfathomable, regarding the generations who will be affected by environmental destruction, radiation-induced cancers and deaths. The devastation stretched across 6.7 square kilometers, and nuclear contamination lingers for centuries (consider Chernobyl, which won’t be habitable for another 20,000 years). Yet studies show many Americans today—especially younger generations aged 18-29—remain desensitized to nuclear weapons or unaware of their implications. Around 40 percent are comfortable with their current level of involvement in US nuclear policy, 34 percent% admit they have no desire to get involved. Looking back to August 1945, 85% of Americans approved of the atomic bombings showing how public opinion has remained largely stagnant. Could we allude to the fact that Nuclear weapons issues are not a standard part of secondary school? The failure to educate people about the gravity of nuclear warfare has fostered an alarming level of indifference, making it easier for history to repeat itself. 

The dearth of general education about the atomic bomb fostered harmful indifference, but today, the rise of social media has transformed this apathy into an abundance of misinformation about vaccines, creating a similar misunderstanding of critical scientific advancements. An analysis of YouTube videos about immunization found that 32% opposed vaccination and got more views than pro-vaccine videos. The tactics used to spread misinformation often distort scientific facts, making it difficult for the average person to separate truth from fiction. As a result, vaccine skepticism thrives, reducing participation in life-saving immunization programs and increasing the risk of disease outbreaks. Without scientific literacy, people struggle to evaluate credible sources, making them more susceptible to pseudoscience. 

Often, political leaders themselves who lack a scientific background are responsible for public awareness initiatives, or rather a lack thereof. A retinue of scientists at the time such as Leo Szilard, a venerable Hungarian physicist formative in the Manhattan project, petitioned the use of the bomb after Germany’s defeat. Obviously, warnings were ignored—President Truman had the final say. We repeatedly see that scientists, despite their expertise, lack decision-making power in critical moments. The same dynamic applies to healthcare, where vaccine policies are shaped more by political rhetoric than scientific consensus. The consequences of this disparity are evident when comparing pandemic responses. For example, when an epidemiologist acted as Vice President during the Coronavirus pandemic, Taiwan had almost 4 times less the average COVID-19 related deaths compared to the U.S.

The very leaders who make imperative decisions regarding weapons of mass destruction are not scientists, and those who elect them also lack the foundation to make informed choices, misuse will dominate. This imbalance is why figures like Maurice Hilleman, one of history’s most prolific vaccine developers, were so vocal about the intersection of research and politics. Because in the end, it is politics—not science—that determines what reaches the public sphere. A more informed society reduces the likelihood of bureaucracies making reckless decisions and alleviates the burden on scientists to serve as sole advocates for public literacy.

After the first atomic bomb was dropped, chaos ensued. In the following decades, nuclear weapons would come to symbolise total power and dominance, particularly during the resulting arms race that defined the cold war. In the 1980s, Randall Forsberg, a young defense and disarmament researcher, launched the Nuclear Freeze campaign. Her movement proved that when the public is well-informed, they respond meaningfully: over 2.3 million Americans signed a referendum calling for a freeze on nuclear production and testing. Education was key—activists met the public where they were, distributing literature at town halls, city councils, and state congress meetings. Their success highlights the necessity of scientific awareness in shaping policy.

Today, nine countries, including Russia, Iran, and North Korea, possess nuclear weapons. Many of these nations hold thermonuclear devices capable of destruction on an unimaginable scale. Where do we go from here, when the ability to annihilate billions is both measurable and within reach? In George Orwell’s 1945 essay, "You and the Atom Bomb," he noted that diagrams attempting to explain nuclear physics were “not very helpful to the average man.” Nearly 80 years later, we face a different challenge—an overabundance of information, where misinformation spreads more easily than ever. Without proper scientific education, we risk becoming even more susceptible to deception and desensitization than Orwell’s generation.

Restricting scientific literacy to “academically superior professors” desensitizes us to the very forces shaping our world. The more evenly knowledge is distributed, the more evenly power is shared. Scientific advancements—whether nuclear technology or vaccines—have profound consequences. If we fail to understand them, we risk allowing history to repeat itself when it could have been prevented.
 

Science & Society: Unfold the Blind Folded
Winner: Amrutha Venugopal, 2nd Place, Middle School, Canada

 Hear a recording of Amrutha's essay.
 

Science and technology are the building blocks of a modern world. It has illuminated the universe around us in many different ways. Understanding this subject is essential, as it empowers citizens to differentiate between facts and taboos. Science, to this day, has been able to shine the truth on many myths, taboos and misbeliefs.

Throughout history, there have been several conspiracies and misconceptions that have shaped societies perspectives on a vast spectrum of significant topics, one such as menstruation. Misunderstanding the truth of this biological cycle can affect one’s self-respect, confidence and happiness as a female. Sadly, this is what more than half of the females around the world face! Their struggles mostly go unnoticed and unheard to this very day, making them feel hopeless. They are deceived to not appreciate the side of them that makes them a true woman.

In the rural parts of some countries, what began as a thought of concern for the well-being of a woman, slowly morphed into something women never expected. Traditionally, it was believed that females should rest during their menstrual cycles. Women would avoid chores, such as cooking, cleaning and attending school. Soon enough, this act of care turned into negligence and deception. Society replaced this once innocent gesture into a disrespectful myth : Women were not allowed to cook during their periods because it was falsely believed that their “uncleanliness” would spoil the food. In fact, 44% of French women and 58% of American women have felt ashamed of their periods. To this very day in many cultures, once a female enters puberty, she is not allowed to go to places of worship or offer any kind of religious prayer when she is menstruating, labeling her as “impure”. In the name of cultural beliefs, menstruating females are restricted to do their activities effectively and happily, this is just scratching the surface of this worldwide issue that affects approximately half of the population. That’s not all, in 2023, a study showed that 75% of teens in the United States associate periods with words such as “gross” and “unsanitary”. How does understanding science within society unravel this inhumanity?

As far as myths go, Dr. Hilleman himself, like many other profound scientists such as Charles Darwin, faced misinformation and skepticism about their groundbreaking inventions, much like how menstrual taboos have been made by ignorance rather than science. Among these renowned scientists, one is Leonardo Da Vinci, the man who believed that the earth is not occupying the centre of the universe, which was against the beliefs of many people. Without these important discoveries, would we be where we are today? Just as scientific progress exposes false claims surrounding vaccines, understanding biology and menstruation helps dismantle harmful myths that have oppressed women for centuries. Numerous people boycotted the vaccines Dr. Hilleman invented, and the action of boycotting the vaccine led to many outbreaks of that certain virus, such as measles, causing many people to get sick and some to be hospitalized or even die. Without realizing how important the truth is, it can harm many people, regardless of age, gender and colour. Myths that have remained in localities are now spreading like wildfire, due to the advancement in social media. Realizing the scientific truth earlier will definitely help the society's health and wellness, mentally and physically. Science within society is a tool for liberation, ensuring that traditions are built on scientific facts instead of conspiracies.

The stigma around menstruation has made a negative impact on many women's lives, is there a way we can avoid this? Yes, simply by knowing the truth, acknowledging and responding to it, the fascinating process that goes with the female body. What was once a thought of disgrace needs to be formed into a process everyone should be proud of. Knowledge is what shapes a human being, knowing the right and honest information is very important in that aspect. Science has helped prove what is right and what is wrong, using scientific research and proof on topics like these. All genders should be enlightened about the biological process of puberty. By helping men understand and be aware, we break the barriers and create more support. With a solid foundation of knowledge, society can work together to promote truth and eliminate stigma.

The invention of the sanitary pad has undergone several technological enhancements, such as Absorbency and Adhesive Technology. Cutting edge technologies, including menstrual cups, discs, specialized underwear, and menstrual tracking apps have emerged to address diverse menstrual needs. From pads to tampons to menstrual cups, innovations are now focusing on ecological and biologically friendly menstrual hygiene products.

Research has led to innovations that improve how we manage and enhance our experiences with periods. When a community understands the value of research in addressing issues like period cramps, headaches, and other associated pains, it helps people live healthier lives. Reducing these discomforts improves one's quality of life (QoL), which is a measurement of the overall well-being of life. Without scientific research, we wouldn’t have the comfort and convenience we enjoy today, making it crucial for society to recognize the importance of this fact.

Science, technology and society all go hand in hand. The societal impact of science is huge, but it also can go the other way around, societal progress strongly influences scientific advancements. A healthy society thrives on knowledge and accurate information. This further fuels more useful innovations, which once again benefits mankind. Knowing how society can help and acting on that awareness can create a modern world for future generations to come. Scientific awareness isn’t just knowledge—it’s power.