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The horseshoe crab has blood that’s blue because it carries oxygen with copper rather than iron. This isn’t uncommon in the invertebrate world. What makes the horseshoe crab’s blood valuable is what the cells do when they meet certain bacteria. 

It’s well known that vaccines protect us from specific diseases. And, some vaccines can protect us not only from acute infections but also from chronic conditions.

A conversation with Michael Silverman, MD, PhD, attending physician with the Division of Infectious Diseases at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

In North America, some of the earliest examples of the interplay of infectious disease and warfare include the use of smallpox and other diseases to push Native Americans out of areas deemed desirable by the settlers. During the American Revolution, it was suspected that the British used smallpox as a biological weapon, causing cases of the disease to cripple the Continental Army. Countless examples of the impact of infectious diseases on military conflicts can be found throughout history.

Science is a process used to develop knowledge about the world. Over time, consensus develops around a scientific topic, such as a medical recommendation. However, science is ever evolving, incorporating new observations and questions. One example of this evolution of knowledge is the approach to preventing peanut allergies in children.